{"id":916,"date":"2010-08-02T14:09:12","date_gmt":"2010-08-02T14:09:12","guid":{"rendered":"\/?p=916"},"modified":"2017-05-31T23:16:35","modified_gmt":"2017-05-31T23:16:35","slug":"ground-control-mitigating-the-inherent-risks-of-urban-tunneling","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.robbinstbm.com\/ru\/ground-control-mitigating-the-inherent-risks-of-urban-tunneling\/","title":{"rendered":"Ground Control:  Mitigating the Inherent Risks of Urban Tunneling"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!--:en--><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_917\" style=\"width: 645px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"http:\/\/seattletimes.nwsource.com\/html\/localnews\/2010478184_brightwater11m.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-917\" class=\"size-full wp-image-917 \" title=\"Brightwater-Sinkhole\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/08\/Brightwater-Sinkhole.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"635\" height=\"400\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-917\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sinkholes, as seen here at the Brightwater Conveyance Tunnels, can be an unfortunate end result of settlement. Photo Credit: TunnelTalk.com<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Settlement.\u00a0 It is one of the biggest risks in urban tunneling and the cause of sinkholes, cracked building foundations, and tunnel collapses.\u00a0 Surface subsidence and upheaval have vexed contractors and equipment suppliers worldwide, but there are some proven ways to minimize ground movement, even in low cover tunnels.<\/p>\n<p>Tunneling at Mexico City Metro\u2019s Line 12 provides a good, recent example of settlement prevention.\u00a0 The 7.7 km (4.8 mi) route is being excavated just 7.5 to 14 m (25 to 45 ft) below downtown Mexico City.\u00a0 The 10.2 m (33.5 ft) diameter Robbins EPB is surfacing into eight cut and cover station sites during excavation, all along major downtown streets.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_918\" style=\"width: 645px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-918\" class=\"size-full wp-image-918\" title=\"MX12-assembly\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/08\/MX12-assembly.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"635\" height=\"400\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-918\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Robbins EPB is boring just 7.5 to 14 m (25 to 45 ft) below city streets. Photo Credit: Yazmin Reyes<\/p><\/div>\n<p>The ground, which consists of watery clays, sand, and large boulders up to 800 mm (2.5 ft) in diameter, makes settlement a concern.\u00a0 Ismail Benamar, Tunnel Manager for contractor Ingenieros Civiles Asociados (ICA), spoke about the measures they are taking to control the ground:\u00a0 \u201cWe have an extensive monitoring program to detect displacements and pore pressure on the surface, underground, inside the tunnel, and in the most critical structures next to the tunneling line.\u201d\u00a0 The risk of surface subsidence and vibration is also being controlled by regulating the rate of advance and controlling earth pressure at the front of the machine, as well as the back-fill grouting pressure.<\/p>\n<p>In particularly low cover areas, Benamar cited a reduction in EPB cutterhead rotation as one of the primary means of avoiding ground disturbance.\u00a0 Cutterhead rotation is kept low (around 1.5 RPM) while torque is kept relatively high.<\/p>\n<p>In addition, the machine\u2019s two-component back-filling system is used to further stabilize the space between concrete segments and bored tunnel.\u00a0 The liquid mixture consists of water and bentonite cement plus an accelerant, which are combined in the tail shield and harden rapidly after injection.\u00a0 Because the two liquids are kept separate, high pressure concrete pumps, which can disrupt the surrounding geology, are not needed.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_920\" style=\"width: 645px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-920\" class=\"size-full wp-image-920\" title=\"MX12-tunnel\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/08\/MX12-tunnel.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"635\" height=\"400\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-920\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Robbins EPB is utilizing two-component back-filling behind segments as one way of minimizing settlement. Photo Credit: Yazmin Reyes<\/p><\/div>\n<p>By May 21, 2010, the machine had broken through into Mexicaltzingo Station\u2014the first of eight cut and cover station sites along the tunnel route.\u00a0\u00a0 Little to no settlement issues were recorded during tunneling.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_919\" style=\"width: 645px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-919\" class=\"size-full wp-image-919\" title=\"MX12-breakthrough\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/08\/MX12-breakthrough.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"635\" height=\"400\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-919\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Robbins EPB broke through into an intermediate station in May 2010. Photo Credit: Yazmin Reyes<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Taken together, the methods at Mexico City Metro show the best ways to minimize settlement in urban EPB tunneling.\u00a0 Settlement can be due to multiple factors, including over-excavation, improper ground conditioning, inadequate back-filling, or loss of face pressure.\u00a0 Despite the risks, proper machine design, continuous monitoring, and a knowledgeable crew can keep ground under control.<\/p>\n<p>For more about the causes of settlement and tunnel collapse, visit an online forum at <a href=\"http:\/\/tunneltalk.com\/Discussion-Forum-Jul10-Collapse-syndrome.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tunneltalk.com<\/a><!--:--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><!--:en-->Settlement.  It is one of the biggest risks in urban tunneling and the cause of sinkholes, cracked building foundations, and tunnel collapses.  Surface subsidence and upheaval have vexed contractors and equipment suppliers worldwide, but there are some proven ways to minimize ground movement, even in low cover tunnels.<!--:--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":923,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[1,35],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-916","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","category-redefining-the-industry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Ground Control: Mitigating the Inherent Risks of Urban Tunneling - Robbins<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.robbinstbm.com\/ground-control-mitigating-the-inherent-risks-of-urban-tunneling\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ru_RU\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ground Control: Mitigating the Inherent Risks of Urban Tunneling - Robbins\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Settlement. 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