Category: 白皮书论文

安第斯山脉高埋深掘进机隧道——智利两个具有挑战性的隧道项目的比较研究

从地质学角度来说，安第斯山脉是世界上最年轻、最复杂的山脉之一。隧道工程，尤其是水力发电和输水工程，对该范围来说并不新鲜，但其过去的历史取得了好坏参半的成功。两个新项目利用非常不同的隧道掘进机和挖掘策略，现在为智利安第斯山脉的现代地下施工设备提供了试验场。

本文将分析在智利两个项目：阿尔托梅坡(Alto Maipo)和秃鹰(Los Condores)水电站项目，位于安第斯山脉，相距约100公里。将详细分析所采用的两种策略，一种是使用开放式主梁式掘进机加上广泛的地面支撑，另一种是使用双护盾掘进机和分段衬砌。作者将研究两个隧道中遇到的隧道掘进机性能和地质条件，以及隧道掘进机的选择和围岩支护策略对每个隧道作业的影响。

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墨西哥城TEP二期污水隧道的成功开挖，采用跨模式掘进机在具有挑战性的地质条件下掘进

墨西哥城的历史与地理位置问题密不可分。在过去的100年里，墨西哥城下沉了将近12米，因此，墨西哥城的建筑、主要街道、污水系统等遭到了严重破坏。

到2015年7月，一台跨模式掘进机市场的启动标志着墨西哥城下一个具有挑战性的EP二期污水隧道项目的开始。在5.5公里长的隧道将穿越深170米的山和8米之上的住宅建筑，地质条件也同样不同。地质由安山岩和英安岩组成，带有凝灰岩带和断层带，以及隧道终点处的一段软土。

本文将详细介绍为应对挑战条件而设计的独特直径为8.7米的跨模式隧道掘进机，以及通过断层带、软土地基等成功挖掘机器。将分析挖掘策略、提前率和停机时间。由于机器可以在隧道中从硬岩模式转换为土压平衡模式，作者还将研究转换过程以及两种模式如何在广泛变化的地质条件下进行挖掘。

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亚克朗俄亥俄州运河拦截隧道大直径跨模式隧道掘进机的设计与实现

俄亥俄州运河拦截隧道（OCIT）项目涉及建造运输和储存隧道系统，以控制亚克朗市中心地区几个监管机构的综合下水道溢流。将使用罗宾斯跨模式掘进机XRE，兼并硬岩和土压平衡作业模式，开挖直径为9.26米的隧道并安装预制节段衬砌。

罗宾斯跨模式掘进机XRE，兼并硬岩和土压平衡作业模式。以便在岩石和混合地质中进行有效开挖，例如，灵活的刀盘设计，能够在岩石和混合地质下进行开挖，可在硬岩中以超速模式调节主驱动速度，以及特殊的螺旋输送机磨损保护系统。本文介绍了这些设计特点、制造工艺和现场施工情况。

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连续输送机在盾构机上的应用

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Carving a Path Through Extreme Conditions: An Integrated Ground Investigation System Optimized For Turkey's Difficult Geology

Turkey’s geologic framework, seated on an active tectonic belt, is made up of older rocks mixed with younger igneous rock. More than 80% of the country’s surface is rough and mountainous, and the ground conditions can be highly variable and unpredictable. Today’s adaptable TBMs are capable of tackling these tough conditions using cutting-edge technology coupled with modern ground investigation methods.

This presentation will explore several recent and ongoing projects in the tunneling industry that highlight the latest in TBM technology for difficult ground excavation. Whether smart features include a Measurement While Drilling (MWD) system, cutterhead inspection cameras, or sensors to monitor converging ground, today’s TBMs equip contractors with knowledge. Specialized sealing systems can arm contractors with methods to successfully and safely treat water head pressure up to 30 bar.

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Tunnel Boring below Montreal: A Case Study of Urban Tunneling through Hard Limestone

Montreal, Quebec, Canada’s Rosemont Reservoir tunnel travels for 4.0 km below city streets, faulted rock, a disused quarry, and active subway. The story of the 3.0 m diameter Double Shield TBM’s successful breakthrough involves a careful analysis of geology, TBM operating parameters, and ground consolidation measures. Over the years, geologists conducted two diamond-drilling programs totaling 65 borehole tests to depths ranging from 21 to 65 m below residential and commercial neighborhoods along the tunnel alignment. The core sampling program indicated the presence of medium to thinly bedded limestone, with some shale and intrusive rocks, mainly dykes and sills. While the limestone averaged 50 to 300 MPa UCS, rock in the intrusives ranged from 100 to 430 MPa. More than 80 dykes and sills as small as a few centimeters wide and as large as 8 to 10 m wide were mapped along the 4.0 km tunnel. Contractor Foraction, Inc. took measures including cement injection of vertical boreholes in two suspected fault zones from the surface to a depth of 50 m. Even with these measures, fractured rock and water inflows, which had to be temporarily deviated, slowed progress and required alteration of the boring parameters in some sections. The crew were ultimately successful and made their final breakthrough with the TBM in November 2015. This paper will analyze TBM boring methods and performance based on the changing geological conditions below Montreal. Special attention will be paid to sections in fracture zones and below sensitive structures including the inactive quarry site and active Montreal subway. The authors will analyze how preliminary studies, combined with operational techniques and on-going geological monitoring, resulted in an ultimately very efficient tunnel boring project in a dense urban area.

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A Novel Continuous Conveyor System and its Role in Record-Setting Rates at the Indianapolis Deep Rock Tunnel Connector

The Indianapolis Deep Rock Tunnel Connector (DRTC)—first in a vast network of storm water storage tunnels below Indiana, USA—was a wildly successful endeavor. Crews for the Shea/Kiewit JV drove a 6.2 m Robbins Main Beam TBM to world record rates. The machine achieved 124.9 m/day, 515.1 m/week, and 1,754 m/month in limestone and dolomite rock. The advance rates can be attributed to many factors including ground conditions and knowledgeable crew, but continuous conveyors are also of key importance.

The novel conveyor system, manufactured by The Robbins Company, enabled continuous tunneling in a difficult layout that included two 90-degree curves and two S-curves. Spanning 11,777 m in its longest iteration, the system included nine booster drives plus a main drive. A vertical belt moved muck up the 76 m deep shaft to a radial stacker for temporary storage. The system, one of the most complex in North America and the first to operate in 90-degree curves, made swift tunneling possible.

This paper will examine the world-class tunneling done at the Indianapolis DRTC and the role of continuous conveyance in reaching high advance rates. The logistics of the system will also be examined as it could apply to future tunneling projects with similarly complex layouts.

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Use of Two Novel Hybrid-Type “Crossover” TBMs for Hard Rock Conditions with Water Inflows

Mixed ground tunnels come in all kinds. In rock tunnels with possible faults and high pressure water, the challenges are many. With the advent of Crossover TBMs, contractors can minimize risk in such conditions while maximizing efficiency. The newest generation of Crossover is exemplified by two projects in Albania and Turkey.

A 5.56 m Crossover TBM destined for Turkey’s Gerede Water Transmission will be assembled using Onsite First Time Assembly (OFTA) from within an existing tunnel. The unique machine will bore through 30 fault zones requiring the TBM to be sealable to up to 20 bar so pre-consolidation grouting can be done. EPB mode will only be used in poor ground—in this mode, the TBM will bore sequentially using the screw conveyor fore and aft gates.

Skewing further towards hard rock, a unique 6.2 m diameter Double Shield TBM with Crossover features was designed for Albania’s Moglicë Headrace Tunnel. The machine features closure doors and a sealing system to contain inrushes of water until they can be grouted off.

This paper will discuss the unique aspects of the Crossover designs and their utilization at the two projects.

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The Next Generation of TBMs for Mining Applications

TBMs have been used in mining in decades past, but their use has been limited and sporadic, due to both perceived and actual application difficulties. With new technology and mounting success stories, this is changing. For both coal and metallurgical mining, deep ore bodies require long access tunnels, and an efficient and economical method of reaching those deposits.

Today, mining engineers are considering TBMs as part of the overall mine development plan. Planned TBM mine drifts are not only longer, but have more complicated trajectories. Mine development TBMs will have to cope with varying geology, potential for high water inflows, steep gradients, and high temperatures. TBM systems are being planned to cope with such difficulties. TBM systems will be considered and increasingly deployed for mine development, even if commodity prices remain low. TBMs can satisfy the need for increased productivity, better life of mine infrastructure, and safety.

This paper will review the historical use of TBMs in mining, and will discuss the 2015 status of TBMs in mining, and the special requirements and adaptable features needed in order to make efficient TBMs a reality in mines worldwide.

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Concurrent Segment Lining and TBM Design: A Coordinated Approach for Tunneling Success

The success of a tunnel project relies on many factors, but one of the most important is also the most overlooked: coordination by all parties involved during the design stages. This is particularly true of segment design and TBM design. Tunnel lining with segmental rings is usually designed according to the standards of reinforced concrete construction based on a given GBR. However, for TBM tunneling, the determination of loads during ring erection, advance of the TBM, earth pressure, and bedding of the articulated ring are all part of the tunnel lining design as well. TBM design can be heavily affected by the segment arrangement, dimension, and weight, but these are usually given as a fixed input to the TBM manufacturer—a process that can cause unnecessary complications.

The authors propose that the industry evaluate the process as it stands. In order to find the optimum balance between lining design and TBM cost and operational workflow, both designs should be finalized concurrently. This requires coordination between the TBM manufacturer and segment designer from the early stages. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the influence of the segment lining design on TBM cost and performance, and to provide commentary on existing design guidelines to optimize lining and TBM procurement.

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